Voltage multiplier circuit with a common bulk and configured for positive and negative voltage generation

ABSTRACT

A voltage doubler circuit supports operation in both a positive voltage boosting mode to positively boost voltage from a first node to a second node and a negative voltage boosting mode to negatively boost voltage from the second node to the first node. The voltage doubler circuit is formed by transistors of a same conductivity type that share a common bulk that is not tied to a source of any of the voltage doubler circuit transistors. A bias generator circuit is coupled to receive a first voltage from the first node and second voltage from the second node. The bias generator circuit operates to apply a lower one of the first and second voltages to the common bulk.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/563,069 filed Sep. 6, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/162,668 filed Oct. 17, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No.10,461,636, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application forPatent No. 62/575,692 filed Oct. 23, 2017, the disclosures of which areincorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to voltage multiplying (for example,doubling) circuits configured to generate positive and negativevoltages.

BACKGROUND

Reference is made to FIG. 1 showing a circuit diagram for a voltagedoubler circuit 100. The circuit 100 includes an n-channel MOStransistor MN1 having a source (conduction) terminal coupled to node Aand a drain (conduction) terminal coupled to node NA1 and an n-channelMOS transistor MN2 having a source terminal coupled to node A and adrain terminal coupled to node NA2. The transistors MN1 and MN2 arecross-coupled with the gate terminal of transistor MN1 coupled to thedrain terminal of transistor MN2 at node NA2 and the gate terminal oftransistor MN2 coupled to the drain terminal of transistor MN1 at nodeNA1.

The circuit 100 further includes an n-channel MOS transistor MN3 havinga source terminal coupled to node NA1 and a drain terminal coupled tonode NB1 and an n-channel MOS transistor MN4 having a source terminalcoupled to node NA2 and a drain terminal coupled to node NB2. Thetransistors MN3 and MN4 are cross-coupled with the gate terminal oftransistor MN3 coupled to the source terminal of transistor MN4 at nodeNA2 and the gate terminal of transistor MN4 coupled to the sourceterminal of transistor MN3 at node NA1.

The circuit 100 still further includes an n-channel MOS transistor MN5having a drain terminal coupled to node B and a source terminal coupledto node NA1 and an n-channel MOS transistor MN6 having a drain terminalcoupled to node B and a source terminal coupled to node NA2. The gateterminal of transistor MN5 is coupled to node NB1 and the gate terminalof transistor MN6 is coupled to node NB2.

A capacitor C1 has one terminal coupled to node NA1 and another terminalcoupled to receive a clock signal CK. A capacitor C2 has one terminalcoupled to node NA2 and another terminal coupled to receive a clocksignal CKN (which is a logical inversion of the clock signal CK). Abootstrap capacitor Cbs1 has one terminal coupled to node NB1 andanother terminal coupled to receive a clock signal CKH. A bootstrapcapacitor Cbs2 has one terminal coupled to node NB2 and another terminalcoupled to receive a clock signal CKHN (which is a logical inversion ofthe clock signal CKH).

The clock signals CKH and CKHN are generated from the clock signals CKand CKN using a clock voltage boosting circuit 110 shown in FIG. 2. Thecircuit 110 includes an n-channel MOS transistor 112 having a sourceterminal coupled to a positive supply voltage node VDD and a drainterminal coupled to node 114 and an n-channel MOS transistor 116 havinga source terminal coupled to the VDD node and a drain terminal coupledto node 118. The transistors 112 and 116 are cross-coupled with the gateterminal of transistor 112 coupled to the drain terminal of transistor116 at node 118 and the gate terminal of transistor 116 coupled to thedrain terminal of transistor 112 at node 114.

A capacitor C1′ has one terminal coupled to node 114 and anotherterminal coupled to receive the clock signal CK. A capacitor C2′ has oneterminal coupled to node 118 and another terminal coupled to receive theclock signal CKN.

A CMOS inverter 120 has an input coupled to the VDD node and an outputgenerating the clock signal CKH. A source terminal of the p-channel MOStransistor in inverter 120 is coupled to the node 114 and a sourceterminal of the n-channel MOS transistor in inverter 120 is coupled toreceive the clock signal CK.

A CMOS inverter 122 has an input coupled to the VDD node and an outputgenerating the clock signal CKHN. A source terminal of the p-channel MOStransistor in inverter 122 is coupled to the node 118 and a sourceterminal of the n-channel MOS transistor in inverter 122 is coupled toreceive the clock signal CKN.

The clock voltage boosting circuit 110 functions to level shift theclock signals CK and CKN to generate the clock signals CKH and CKHN.FIG. 3A shows the waveforms for the clock signals CK and CKN. FIG. 3Bshows the waveforms for the clock signals CKH and CKHN. It will be notedthat the clock voltage boosting circuit 110 functions to boost the highvoltage level of the clock signals CKH and CKHN to 2*VDD, with the highvoltage level of the clock signals CK and CKN being VDD. The clocksignals CKH and CKHN have a same phase as the clock signals CK and CKN,respectively.

The voltage doubler circuit 100 of FIG. 1 is operable to generate eithera positive voltage or a negative voltage. When the voltage doublercircuit 100 is to be used as a positive voltage doubler (i.e., operatingin a high positive voltage mode), an input voltage such as the supplyvoltage VDD is connected to node A and an output voltage such as a highpositive voltage of 2*VDD is generated at node B. Conversely, when thevoltage doubler circuit 100 is to be used as a negative voltage doubler(i.e., operating in a high negative voltage mode), an input voltage suchas the ground supply voltage GND is connected to node B and an outputvoltage such as a high negative voltage of −VDD is generated at node A.

The voltage doubler circuit 100 advantageously operates from just twoclocks (CK/CKH and CKN/CKHN).

The voltage doubler circuit 100 operates as follows in the high positivevoltage mode:

To begin, assume that no clock is present. In this situation, the nodesNA1 and NA2 will be charged to the VDD-Vt voltage level, where Vt is thethreshold voltage of the n-channel MOS transistors MN1 and MN2. Now,assume the clock signal is applied. With the clock signal CK at the VDDvoltage level and the clock signal CKN at the 0 (ground GND) voltagelevel, then the clock signal CKH is at the 2*VDD voltage level and theclock signal CKHN is at the 0 voltage level. In this configuration, thenode NA1 will shift to the 2VDD−Vt voltage level and the node NA2 willshift to the VDD voltage level. Due to the cross coupling betweentransistors MN3 and MN4, the node NB1 will be charged to the 3*VDDvoltage level and the node NB2 will be charged to the VDD voltage level.As the node NB1 is at the 3*VDD voltage level and the node NA1 is at the2*VDD voltage level, the n-channel MOS transistor MN5 has sufficient Vgs(gate to source voltage) to pass the 2*VDD voltage from node NA1 to nodeB. In this way, a high positive voltage (higher than input supplyvoltage VDD) is generated and passed for output. So, during highpositive voltage mode operation, the voltage VDD is applied at node Aand the 2*VDD voltage is generated at node B. During the opposite phaseof the clocks, the nodes NA1 and NA2 switch between the VDD voltagelevel and the 2*VDD voltage level. Similarly, the nodes NB1 and NB2switch between the VDD voltage level and the 3*VDD voltage level.

The voltage doubler circuit 100 operates as follows in the high negativevoltage mode:

With the ground reference voltage GND applied to node B, when the clocksignal CKH transitions to the 2*VDD voltage level, the clock signal CKis simultaneously at the VDD voltage level, and the n-channel MOStransistor MN5 turns on and node NA1 is charged to the 0 (GND) voltagelevel. During the next clock cycle, the clock signal CKH switches fromthe 2*VDD voltage level to the 0 voltage level, with the clock signal CKchanging state from the VDD voltage level to 0 voltage level, and thenode NA1 accordingly transitions from the 0 voltage level to the −VDDvoltage level. Also, the node NB1 discharges to the −VDD voltage levelvia the transistor MN3 and the switch off of the transistor MN5. In thisway, the node NA1 also goes to the −VDD voltage level. Due to effect ofthe clock signals CKN and CKHN, the node NA2 is charged to the 0 (GND)voltage level via transistor MN6. As the NA2 is at the 0 voltage level,and the NA1 is at the −VDD voltage level, this configuration causes thetransistor MN1 to turn on and pass the −VDD voltage level voltage to thenode A. During this negative high voltage mode of operation, the nodesNA1 and NA2 switch between the 0 voltage level and the −VDD voltagelevel, and vice versa. Similarly, the nodes NB1 and NB2 switch betweenthe VDD voltage level and the −VDD voltage level, and vice versa.

It will be noted that the foregoing voltage levels in the positive andnegative operating modes are mentioned with the assumption of an idealoperating situation when there is no current load at the output andthere is no charge loss.

Implementation of the circuit 100 as an integrated circuit utilizesthree different isolated P-type wells (PWELLS) for the bulk (body) ofthe transistors. Those PWELLS include: a first PWELL associated withnode A for the bulk of transistors MN1 and MN2; a second PWELLassociated with node NA1 for the bulk of transistors MN3 and MN5; and athird PWELL associated with node NA2 for bulk of transistors MN4 andMN6. Those skilled in the art recognize that the provision of threedifferent isolated PWELL structures will occupy a significant amount ofintegrated circuit area. Additionally, because of the local connectionof the isolated bulk to the source terminals of the transistors, thebulk becomes capacitive due to associated capacitance on the source node(this being specifically a concern at nodes NA1 and NA2 due to the largecapacitance provided by capacitors C1 and C2).

There is a need in the art to address the foregoing concerns.

SUMMARY

In an embodiment, a circuit comprises: a voltage multiplier circuitincluding: a first node configured to receive a first voltage when saidvoltage multiplier circuit is configured for operation in a positivevoltage boosting mode and configured to output a negative voltage whensaid circuit is configured for operation in a negative voltage boostingmode; a second node configured to output a positive voltage in excess ofsaid first voltage when said voltage multiplier circuit is configuredfor operation in the positive voltage boosting mode and configured toreceive a second voltage in excess of said negative voltage when saidcircuit is configured for operation in a negative voltage boosting mode;and a plurality of transistors of a same conductivity type and sharing acommon bulk that is not tied to a source of any transistor in saidplurality of transistors; and a bias generator circuit coupled toreceive a first voltage from the first node and second voltage from thesecond node, said bias generator circuit configured to apply a lower oneof the first and second voltages to the common bulk.

In an embodiment, a circuit comprises: a first node; a second node; afirst transistor and second transistor connected in a cross-coupledconfiguration, wherein the first transistor is coupled between the firstnode and a first intermediate node and the second transistor is coupledbetween the first node and a second intermediate node; a thirdtransistor and fourth transistor connected in a cross-coupledconfiguration, wherein the third transistor is coupled between the firstintermediate node and a third intermediate node and the fourthtransistor is coupled between the second intermediate node and a fourthintermediate node; a fifth transistor coupled between the firstintermediate node and the second node and having a control terminalcoupled to the third intermediate node; a sixth transistor coupledbetween the second intermediate node and the second node and having acontrol terminal coupled to the fourth intermediate node; wherein thefirst through sixth transistors share a common bulk that is not tied toa source of any transistor in said first through sixth transistors; anda bias generator circuit coupled to receive a first voltage from thefirst node and second voltage from the second node, said bias generatorcircuit configured to apply a lower one of the first and second voltagesto the common bulk; wherein the first and second intermediate nodes arecapacitively coupled to receive opposite phases of a first clock signal,respectively; and wherein the third and fourth intermediate nodes arecapacitively coupled to receive opposite phases of a second clocksignal, respectively.

In an embodiment, a circuit comprises: a first node; a second node; afirst transistor and second transistor, wherein the first transistor iscoupled between the first node and the first intermediate node andwherein the second transistor is coupled between the first node and thesecond intermediate node; a third transistor and fourth transistor,wherein the third transistor is coupled between the first intermediatenode and the third intermediate node and wherein the fourth transistoris coupled between the second intermediate node and the fourthintermediate node, with gates of the first and fourth transistorscoupled to the third intermediate node and with gates of the second andthird transistors coupled to the fourth intermediate node; a fifthtransistor coupled between the first intermediate node and the secondnode and having a control terminal coupled to the fourth intermediatenode; a sixth transistor coupled between the second intermediate nodeand the second node and having a control terminal coupled to the thirdintermediate node; wherein the first through sixth transistors share acommon bulk that is not tied to a source of any transistor in said firstthrough sixth transistors; and a bias generator circuit coupled toreceive a first voltage from the first node and second voltage from thesecond node, said bias generator circuit configured to apply a lower oneof the first and second voltages to the common bulk; wherein the firstand second intermediate nodes are capacitively coupled to receiveopposite phases of a first clock signal, respectively; and wherein thethird and fourth intermediate nodes are capacitively coupled to receiveopposite phases of a second clock signal, respectively.

In an embodiment, a circuit comprises: a first node; a second node; afirst transistor and second transistor, wherein the first transistor iscoupled between the first node and the first intermediate node andwherein the second transistor is coupled between the first node and thesecond intermediate node; a third transistor and fourth transistor,wherein the third transistor is coupled between the first intermediatenode and the third intermediate node and wherein the fourth transistoris coupled between the second intermediate node and the fourthintermediate node, with gates of the first and fourth transistorscoupled to the third intermediate node and with gates of the second andthird transistors coupled to the fourth intermediate node; a fifthtransistor coupled between the first intermediate node and the secondnode and having a control terminal coupled to the fourth intermediatenode; and a sixth transistor coupled between the second intermediatenode and the second node and having a control terminal coupled to thethird intermediate node; wherein the first and second intermediate nodesare capacitively coupled to receive opposite phases of a first clocksignal, respectively; and wherein the third and fourth intermediatenodes are capacitively coupled to receive opposite phases of a secondclock signal, respectively.

In an embodiment, a circuit, comprises: a voltage multiplier circuitincluding: first and second intermediate nodes that are capacitivelycoupled to receive opposite phases of a first clock signal,respectively; and a first transistor and a second transistor connectedin a cross-coupled configuration, wherein a first conduction terminal ofthe first transistor and a gate terminal of the second transistor areconnected to the first intermediate node and wherein a first conductionterminal of the second transistor and a gate terminal of the firsttransistor are connected to the second intermediate node; wherein saidfirst and second transistors have a same conductivity type and share acommon bulk that is not tied to a source of either of said first andsecond transistors; and a bias generator circuit configured to apply abias voltage to the common bulk of the first and second transistors.

In an embodiment, a circuit comprises: a first node; a second node; afirst transistor and second transistor connected in a cross-coupledconfiguration, wherein the first transistor is coupled between the firstnode and a first intermediate node and the second transistor is coupledbetween the first node and a second intermediate node; wherein the firstand second intermediate nodes are capacitively coupled to receiveopposite phases of a first clock signal, respectively; a thirdtransistor coupled between the first intermediate node and the secondnode; a fourth transistor coupled between the second intermediate nodeand the second node; wherein the first through fourth transistors sharea common bulk that is not tied to a source of any transistor in saidfirst through fourth transistors; and a bias generator circuit coupledto receive a first voltage from the first node and a second voltage fromthe second node, said bias generator circuit configured to apply a lowerone of the first and second voltages to the common bulk.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the embodiments, reference will now bemade by way of example only to the accompanying figures in which:

FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram for a voltage doubler;

FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram for a clock voltage boosting circuit;

FIGS. 3A and 3B show clock signal waveforms;

FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram for a voltage doubler;

FIG. 5 is a cross-section diagram of a triple well technologyimplementation of the circuit of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram for a voltage doubler; and

FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram for a voltage doubler.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference is now made to FIG. 4 showing a circuit diagram for a voltagedoubler circuit 200. Like references refer to like or similar componentsin FIG. 1. The voltage doubler circuit 200 differs from the voltagedoubler circuit 100 that each of the n-channel transistors MN1-MN6 forthe circuit 200 are formed to share a common bulk (body) 202. A furtherdifference is that the source terminals of the n-channel MOS transistorsMN1-MN6 are not tied to the common bulk 202. The common bulk 202 is not,however, a floating node. Yet another difference is that the circuit 200further includes a circuit 204 to bias the common bulk 202.

The bias circuit 204 is formed by a pair of n-channel MOS transistorsMN7 and MN8 whose source-drain paths are connected in series betweennode A and node B. More specifically, the drain of transistor MN7 isconnected to node A and the drain of transistor MN8 is connected to nodeB. The sources of transistors MN7 and MN8 are connected to each otherand output the bulk bias voltage that is applied to the common bulk 202.The gate of transistor MN7 is connected to the drain of transistor MN8at node B and the gate of transistor MN8 is connected to the drain oftransistor MN7 at node A. The transistors MN7 and MN8 thus have across-coupled circuit configuration.

The effect of the cross-coupled circuit configuration of transistors MN7and MN8 between nodes A and B is that the output bulk bias voltageapplied to the common bulk 202 will always remain at a lower voltageamong the voltages present at nodes A and B, regardless of operation ofthe circuit 200 in the high positive voltage mode or high negativevoltage mode. This ensures that in the static case there is no forwardbiasing of the common bulk 202. So, in the case of operation in the highpositive voltage mode (for example, VDD applied to node A and 2*VDDoutput from node B), the voltage at node A is lower than the voltage atnode B and the bias circuit 204 will bias the common bulk 202 at the VDDvoltage at node A. In the case of operation in the high negative voltagemode (for example, GND applied to node B and −VDD output from node A),the voltage at node A is lower than the voltage at node B, the biascircuit 204 biases the common bulk 202 at the voltage at node A.

Reference is now made to FIG. 5. Fabrication of the circuit 200 may takeadvantage of triple well technology where the circuit 200 is fabricatedusing an isolated p-type substrate 210. An n-type well 212 is formedwithin the p-type substrate 210. The p-type common bulk 202 is thenformed by a p-type well 214 within the n-type well 212. The n-typesource and drain regions (generally referenced as 216) for thetransistors MN1-MN6 are then formed within the p-type well 214 of thecommon bulk 202. The sources of the transistors MN1-MN6 are not tied tothe p-type well 214 of the common bulk 202. Transistors MN7 and MN8 forthe bias circuit 204 are also formed in the p-type well 214 of thecommon bulk 202 and differ in construction from the transistors MN1-MN6in that the sources 218 of transistors MN7 and MN8 are tied to theirbulk in the p-type substrate 210 through highly doped p-type region 220.

The triple well technology structure forms two parasitic diodes 230 and232. A first parasitic diode 230 is formed between the isolated p-typewell 214 and the n-type well 212. A second parasitic diode 232 is formedbetween the p-type substrate 210 and the n-type well 212. In thisimplementation, the p-type substrate 210 is biased at the ground voltageand the bulk of all transistors MN1-MN8 is at the same potential. Inorder to ensure that neither of the parasitic diodes 230 and 232 becomesforward biased, a bias signal 226 for the n-type well 212 applies a mostpositive voltage of the integrated circuit (of course, respecting a safeoperating area limit of the integrated circuit) through the highly dopedn-type region 228.

The implementation of the circuit 200 addresses the concerns with thecircuit 100 of FIG. 1. Occupied area is reduced because only a singleisolated PWELL is used by all of the transistors MN1-MN8. Parasiticcapacitance is addressed because the common bulk 202 is less capacitiveas a result of it not being connected to any capacitor associated withthe nodes NA1 or NA2. As a result, the bulk will be first tocharge/discharge and this means that there is a reduced probability ofbulk current in any operating condition.

Reference is made to FIG. 6 showing a circuit diagram for a voltagedoubler circuit 300. The circuit 300 includes an n-channel MOStransistor MN11 having a source terminal coupled to node A and a drainterminal coupled to node NA11 and an n-channel MOS transistor MN12having a source terminal coupled to node A and a drain terminal coupledto node NA12. The gate terminal of transistor MN11 is coupled to nodeNB12 and the gate terminal of transistor MN12 is coupled to node NB11.

The circuit 300 further includes an n-channel MOS transistor MN13 havinga source terminal coupled to node NA11 and a drain terminal coupled tonode NB12 and an n-channel MOS transistor MN14 having a source terminalcoupled to node NA12 and a drain terminal coupled to node NB11. The gateterminal of transistor MN13 is coupled to node NB11 and the gateterminal of transistor MN14 is coupled to node NB12.

The circuit 300 still further includes an n-channel MOS transistor MN15having a drain terminal coupled to node B and a source terminal coupledto node NA11 and an n-channel MOS transistor MN16 having a drainterminal coupled to node B and a source terminal coupled to node NA12.The gate terminal of transistor MN15 is coupled to node NB11 and thegate terminal of transistor MN16 is coupled to node NB12.

A capacitor C11 has one terminal coupled to node NA11 and anotherterminal coupled to receive a clock signal CK. A capacitor C12 has oneterminal coupled to node NA12 and another terminal coupled to receive aclock signal CKN (which is a logical inversion of the clock signal CK).A bootstrap capacitor Cbs11 has one terminal coupled to node NB12 andanother terminal coupled to receive a clock signal CKHN. A bootstrapcapacitor Cbs12 has one terminal coupled to node NB11 and anotherterminal coupled to receive a clock signal CKH (which is a logicalinversion of the clock signal CKHN).

The clock signals CKH and CKHN are generated from the clock signals CKand CKN using a clock voltage boosting circuit 110 shown in FIG. 2.

The voltage doubler circuit 300 of FIG. 6 is operable to generate eithera positive voltage or a negative voltage. When the voltage doublercircuit 300 is to be used as a positive voltage doubler (i.e., operatingin a high positive voltage mode), an input voltage such as the supplyvoltage VDD is connected to node A and an output voltage such as a highpositive voltage of 2*VDD is generated at node B. Conversely, when thevoltage doubler circuit 200 is to be used as a negative voltage doubler(i.e., operating in a high negative voltage mode), an input voltage suchas the ground supply voltage GND is connected to node B and an outputvoltage such as a high negative voltage of −VDD is generated at node A.

The voltage doubler circuit 300 advantageously operates from just twoclocks (CK/CKH and CKN/CKHN).

The voltage doubler circuit 300 operates as follows in the high positivevoltage mode:

When circuit is used for positive voltage generation, supply voltage VDDis applied to “A” node and with no clock condition, nodes NA11 and NA12will be charged to “VDD−Vtn” voltage levels. As soon as clock isenabled, assuming CK is “VDD”, CKN is “0”, CKH is “2*VDD” and CKHN is“0”. With this configuration, node NA11 will be charged to “2*VDD-Vtn”and NA12 will be charged to “VDD”. Due to cross coupled MN13 and MN14,NB11 and NB12 will be charged to “3*VDD” and “VDD” respectively. As NB11is at “3*VDD” and NA11 is at “2*VDD” so NMOS MN15 has sufficient Vgs topass 2*VDD voltage from node NA1 to “B”. In this way, a positive voltage(higher than input supply voltage) is generated and passed on to outputnode to drive capacitive and current load. During different clockcycles, node NA11 and NA12 switches between “VDD” and “2*VDD”. SimilarlyNB11 and NB12 switches between “VDD” and “3*VDD” voltage level.

The voltage doubler circuit 300 operates as follows in the high negativevoltage mode:

When the same circuit is used as negative voltage generator, then clockconfiguration remains same, but input is applied at “B” node and outputis taken from “A” node. During negative voltage configuration, “B” nodeis connected to “GND” and in no clock condition, NA11 and NA12 will becharged to “Vtn” voltage level. When CKH goes to “2*VDD” (at this timeCK is “VDD”) it switch ON the NMOS MN15 and charges node NA11 to “0”.During next clock cycle, when CKH switches from “2*VDD” to “0” and CKchanges state from “VDD” to “0” then node NA11 moves from “0” to “−VDD”.Also node NB11 discharges to “−VDD” via transistor MN14 and switch-OFFthe transistor MN15. In this way, node NA11 reaches to −VDD voltagelevel. Due to effect of CKN and CKHN, node NA12 is charged to “0” viaMN16. As NA11 is at “−VDD” and NB12 is at “VDD” so this configurationswitch-ON the transistor “MN11” and pass “−VDD” voltage to “A” node. Inthis way a negative voltage is generated and passed to “A” node. Duringnegative voltage configuration, node NA11 and NA12 switches between“0/−VDD” and vice versa. Similarly nodes NB11 and NB12 switches between“VDD/−VDD” and vice versa.

It will be noted that the foregoing voltage levels for positive andnegative operation are mentioned with the assumption of an idealoperating situation when there is no current load at the output andthere is no charge loss.

In an embodiment, an implementation of the circuit 300 as an integratedcircuit utilizes three different isolated P-type wells (PWELLS) for thebulk (body) of the transistors. Those PWELLS include: a first PWELLassociated with node A for the bulk of transistors MN11 and MN12; asecond PWELL associated with node NA11 for the bulk of transistors MN13and MN15; and a third PWELL associated with node NA12 for bulk oftransistors MN14 and MN16. In this implementation, the sources of thevarious transistors MN11-MN16 are tied to their respective bulks.

In an alternative implementation, as shown in FIG. 7, the circuit 300′differs from the voltage doubler circuit 300 that each of the n-channeltransistors MN11-MN16 for the circuit 300′ are formed to share a commonbulk (body) 202. A further difference is that the source terminals ofthe n-channel MOS transistors MN11-MN16 are not tied to the common bulk202. The common bulk 202 is not, however, a floating node. Yet anotherdifference is that the circuit 200′ further includes a circuit 204 tobias the common bulk 202.

The bias circuit 204 is formed by a pair of n-channel MOS transistorsMN7 and MN8 whose source-drain paths are connected in series betweennode A and node B. More specifically, the drain of transistor MN7 isconnected to node A and the drain of transistor MN8 is connected to nodeB. The sources of transistors MN7 and MN8 are connected to each otherand output the bulk bias voltage that is applied to the common bulk 202.The gate of transistor MN7 is connected to the drain of MN8 at node Band the gate of transistor MN8 is connected to the drain of MN7 at nodeA. The transistors MN7 and MN8 thus have a cross-coupled circuitconfiguration.

The effect of the cross-coupled circuit configuration of transistors MN7and MN8 between nodes A and B is that the output bulk bias voltageapplied to the common bulk 202 will always remain at a lower voltageamong the voltages present at nodes A and B, regardless of operation ofthe circuit 300 in the high positive voltage mode or high negativevoltage mode. This ensures that in the static case there is no forwardbiasing of the common bulk 202. So, in the case of operation in the highpositive voltage mode (for example, with VDD applied to node A and 2*VDDoutput from node B), the voltage at node A is lower than the voltage atnode B and the bias circuit 204 will bias the common bulk 202 at the VDDvoltage at node A. In the case of operation in the high negative voltagemode (for example, with GND applied to node B and −VDD output from nodeA), the voltage at node A is lower than the voltage at node B, the biascircuit 204 biases the common bulk 202 at the voltage at node A.

Fabrication of the circuit 300′ may take advantage of triple welltechnology as shown in FIG. 5 and previously described.

The foregoing description has provided by way of exemplary andnon-limiting examples a full and informative description of theexemplary embodiment of this invention. However, various modificationsand adaptations may become apparent to those skilled in the relevantarts in view of the foregoing description, when read in conjunction withthe accompanying drawings and the appended claims. However, all such andsimilar modifications of the teachings of this invention will still fallwithin the scope of this invention as defined in the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A circuit, comprising: a voltage multipliercircuit including: first and second intermediate nodes that arecapacitively coupled to receive opposite phases of a first clock signal,respectively; a first transistor having a first conduction terminalconnected to the first intermediate node; a second transistor having afirst conduction terminal connected to the second intermediate node; anda third transistor and a fourth transistor connected in a cross-coupledconfiguration, wherein a first conduction terminal of the thirdtransistor is connected to a gate terminal of the first transistor and agate terminal of the fourth transistor, wherein a first conductionterminal of the fourth transistor is connected to a gate terminal of thesecond transistor and a gate terminal of the third transistor, wherein asecond conduction terminal of the third transistor is connected to thefirst intermediate node and wherein a second conduction terminal of thefourth transistor is connected to the second intermediate node; whereinsaid third and fourth transistors have a same conductivity type andshare a common bulk that is not tied to a source of either of said thirdand fourth transistors; and a bias generator circuit configured to applya bias voltage to the common bulk of the third and fourth transistors.2. A circuit, comprising: a voltage multiplier circuit including: firstand second intermediate nodes that are capacitively coupled to receiveopposite phases of a first clock signal, respectively; a firsttransistor having a first conduction terminal connected to the firstintermediate node; a second transistor having a first conductionterminal connected to the second intermediate node; and a thirdtransistor and a fourth transistor connected in a cross-coupledconfiguration, wherein a first conduction terminal of the thirdtransistor is connected to a gate terminal of the first transistor and agate terminal of the fourth transistor and wherein a first conductionterminal of the fourth transistor is connected to a gate terminal of thesecond transistor and a gate terminal of the third transistor; whereinsaid third and fourth transistors have a same conductivity type andshare a common bulk that is not tied to a source of either of said thirdand fourth transistors; and a bias generator circuit configured to applya bias voltage to the common bulk of the third and fourth transistors;wherein the bias generator circuit receives a first voltage from a firstnode and a second voltage from a second node, said bias generatorcircuit configured to apply a lower one of the first and second voltagesto the common bulk.
 3. The circuit of claim 2, wherein each of the firstand second transistors has a source-drain path coupled between the firstnode and the second node.
 4. The circuit of claim 3, wherein sources ofthe first transistor and second transistor are connected to the firstnode.
 5. The circuit of claim 2, wherein said bias generator circuitcomprises: a first biasing transistor and a second biasing transistorhaving source-drain paths coupled in series between the first and secondnodes at a common source that is connected to said common bulk andwherein gates of the first and second biasing transistors arecross-coupled to drains of the second and first biasing transistors,respectively.
 6. The circuit of claim 5, wherein the first and secondbiasing transistors have the same conductivity type as the first,second, third and fourth transistors of the voltage multiplier circuit.7. The circuit of claim 6, wherein the first and second biasingtransistors have sources and drains formed in the common bulk andwherein the third and fourth transistors of the voltage multipliercircuit have sources and drains formed in the common bulk.
 8. A circuit,comprising: a voltage multiplier circuit including: first and secondintermediate nodes that are capacitively coupled to receive oppositephases of a first clock signal, respectively; a first transistor havinga first conduction terminal connected to the first intermediate node; asecond transistor having a first conduction terminal connected to thesecond intermediate node; and a third transistor and a fourth transistorconnected in a cross-coupled configuration, wherein a first conductionterminal of the third transistor is connected to a gate terminal of thefirst transistor and a gate terminal of the fourth transistor andwherein a first conduction terminal of the fourth transistor isconnected to a gate terminal of the second transistor and a gateterminal of the third transistor; wherein said third and fourthtransistors have a same conductivity type and share a common bulk thatis not tied to a source of either of said third and fourth transistors;and a bias generator circuit configured to apply a bias voltage to thecommon bulk of the third and fourth transistors; wherein said first andsecond transistors have a same conductivity type and share said commonbulk that is not tied to a source of either of said first and secondtransistors.
 9. The circuit of claim 8, wherein said first, second,third and fourth transistors are implemented in a triple well technologyincluding a p-type region, an isolated n-type well in the p-type regionand a p-type well forming said common bulk in the isolated n-type well.10. The circuit of claim 9, further comprising an additional bias forbiasing the isolated n-type well at a voltage level at least as high asa voltage at the p-type region and a voltage at the common bulk.
 11. Acircuit, comprising: a voltage multiplier circuit including: first andsecond intermediate nodes that are capacitively coupled to receiveopposite phases of a first clock signal, respectively; a firsttransistor having a first conduction terminal connected to the firstintermediate node; a second transistor having a first conductionterminal connected to the second intermediate node; and a thirdtransistor and a fourth transistor connected in a cross-coupledconfiguration, wherein a first conduction terminal of the thirdtransistor is connected to a gate terminal of the first transistor and agate terminal of the fourth transistor and wherein a first conductionterminal of the fourth transistor is connected to a gate terminal of thesecond transistor and a gate terminal of the third transistor; whereinsaid third and fourth transistors have a same conductivity type andshare a common bulk that is not tied to a source of either of said thirdand fourth transistors; and a bias generator circuit configured to applya bias voltage to the common bulk of the third and fourth transistors;wherein the voltage multiplier circuit further includes: third andfourth intermediate nodes that are capacitively coupled to receiveopposite phases of a second clock signal, respectively; wherein thethird intermediate node is connected to the first conduction terminal ofthe third transistor and wherein the fourth intermediate node isconnected to the first conduction terminal of the fourth transistor. 12.The circuit of claim 11, wherein the first and second clock signals havealigned phases.
 13. A circuit, comprising: a voltage multiplier circuitincluding: first and second intermediate nodes that are capacitivelycoupled to receive opposite phases of a first clock signal,respectively; a first transistor having a first conduction terminalconnected to the first intermediate node; a second transistor having afirst conduction terminal connected to the second intermediate node; anda third transistor and a fourth transistor connected in a cross-coupledconfiguration, wherein a first conduction terminal of the thirdtransistor is connected to a gate terminal of the first transistor and agate terminal of the fourth transistor and wherein a first conductionterminal of the fourth transistor is connected to a gate terminal of thesecond transistor and a gate terminal of the third transistor; whereinsaid third and fourth transistors have a same conductivity type andshare a common bulk that is not tied to a source of either of said thirdand fourth transistors; and a bias generator circuit configured to applya bias voltage to the common bulk of the third and fourth transistors;wherein the voltage multiplier circuit further includes: a first nodeconfigured to receive a first voltage when said voltage multipliercircuit is configured for operation in a positive voltage boosting modeand configured to output a negative voltage when said circuit isconfigured for operation in a negative voltage boosting mode; and asecond node configured to output a positive voltage in excess of saidfirst voltage when said voltage multiplier circuit is configured foroperation in the positive voltage boosting mode and configured toreceive a second voltage in excess of said negative voltage when saidcircuit is configured for operation in a negative voltage boosting mode;wherein source-drain paths of said first and second transistors arecoupled between the first and second nodes.
 14. The circuit of claim 13,wherein said bias generator circuit is coupled to receive the firstvoltage from the first node and the second voltage from the second node,said bias generator circuit configured to apply a lower one of the firstand second voltages to the common bulk.
 15. The circuit of claim 13,wherein said bias generator circuit comprises: a first biasingtransistor and a second biasing transistor having source-drain pathscoupled in series between the first and second nodes at a common sourceand wherein gates of the first and second biasing transistors arecross-coupled to drains of the second and first biasing transistors,respectively.
 16. The circuit of claim 15, wherein the first and secondbiasing transistors have the same conductivity type as the first,second, third and fourth transistors of the voltage multiplier circuit.17. The circuit of claim 16, wherein the first and second biasingtransistors have sources and drains formed in the common bulk withsources and drains of the first and second transistors of the voltagemultiplier circuit.
 18. A circuit, comprising: a voltage multipliercircuit including: first and second intermediate nodes that arecapacitively coupled to receive opposite phases of a first clock signal,respectively; third and fourth intermediate nodes that are capacitivelycoupled to receive opposite phases of a second clock signal,respectively; a first transistor and a second transistor connected in across-coupled configuration, wherein: a first conduction terminal of thefirst transistor is connected the first intermediate node and wherein asecond conduction terminal of the first transistor is connected to agate terminal of the second transistor and the third intermediate node;and a first conduction terminal of the second transistor is connectedthe second intermediate node and wherein a second conduction terminal ofthe second transistor is connected to a gate terminal of the firsttransistor and the fourth intermediate node; wherein said first andsecond transistors have a same conductivity type and share a common bulkthat is not tied to a source of either of said first and secondtransistors; and a bias generator circuit configured to apply a biasvoltage to the common bulk of the first and second transistors.
 19. Thecircuit of claim 18, wherein the first and second clock signals havealigned phases.
 20. The circuit of claim 18, further comprising: a thirdtransistor having a source-drain path coupled between a first node and asecond node, wherein a gate terminal of the third transistor isconnected to the third intermediate node; and a fourth transistor havinga source-drain path coupled between the first node and the second node,wherein a gate terminal of the fourth transistor is connected to thefourth intermediate node.
 21. The circuit of claim 20, wherein saidthird and fourth transistors have a same conductivity type and sharesaid common bulk that is not tied to a source of either of said thirdand fourth transistors.
 22. The circuit of claim 21, wherein said firstthrough fourth transistors are implemented in a triple well technologyincluding a p-type region, an isolated n-type well in the p-type regionand a p-type well forming said common bulk in the isolated n-type well.23. The circuit of claim 22, further comprising an additional bias forbiasing the isolated n-type well at a voltage level at least as high asa voltage at the p-type region and a voltage at the common bulk.
 24. Thecircuit of claim 20, wherein the bias generator circuit receives a firstvoltage from the first node and a second voltage from the second node,said bias generator circuit configured to apply a lower one of the firstand second voltages to the common bulk.
 25. The circuit of claim 24,wherein sources of the third transistor and fourth transistors areconnected to the first node.
 26. The circuit of claim 20, wherein saidbias generator circuit comprises: a first biasing transistor and asecond biasing transistor having source-drain paths coupled in seriesbetween the first and second nodes at a common source that is connectedto said common bulk and wherein gates of the first and second biasingtransistors are cross-coupled to drains of the second and first biasingtransistors, respectively.
 27. The circuit of claim 26, wherein thefirst and second biasing transistors have the same conductivity type asthe first, second, third and fourth transistors of the voltagemultiplier circuit.
 28. The circuit of claim 27, wherein the first andsecond biasing transistors have sources and drains formed in the commonbulk and wherein the third and fourth transistors of the voltagemultiplier circuit have sources and drains formed in the common bulk.29. The circuit of claim 20, wherein: the first node is configured toreceive a first voltage when said voltage multiplier circuit isconfigured for operation in a positive voltage boosting mode andconfigured to output a negative voltage when said circuit is configuredfor operation in a negative voltage boosting mode; and the second nodeis configured to output a positive voltage in excess of said firstvoltage when said voltage multiplier circuit is configured for operationin the positive voltage boosting mode and configured to receive a secondvoltage in excess of said negative voltage when said circuit isconfigured for operation in a negative voltage boosting mode.
 30. Thecircuit of claim 29, wherein said bias generator circuit is coupled toreceive the first voltage from the first node and the second voltagefrom the second node, said bias generator circuit configured to apply alower one of the first and second voltages to the common bulk.
 31. Thecircuit of claim 29, wherein said bias generator circuit comprises: afirst biasing transistor and a second biasing transistor havingsource-drain paths coupled in series between the first and second nodesat a common source and wherein gates of the first and second biasingtransistors are cross-coupled to drains of the second and first biasingtransistors, respectively.
 32. The circuit of claim 31, wherein thefirst and second biasing transistors have the same conductivity type asthe first and second transistors of the voltage multiplier circuit. 33.The circuit of claim 31, wherein the first and second biasingtransistors have sources and drains formed in the common bulk withsources and drains of the first and second transistors of the voltagemultiplier circuit.